Unravelling the complexities of carnivals: potentials and challenges for social change in Mexico

Purpose: This research aimed to explore the complexity of the carnival as a space that both challenges and reinforces social hierarchies, as well as a potential catalyst for social transformation for marginalised groups.
Methodology: Participant observations were carried out at various carnival sites, with a particular emphasis on the "Carnaval de Ixtapan" in Central Mexico in 2024. These observations were supported by photographs and videos.
Findings: The carnival's transgressive nature has led to progress in inclusivity, notably by featuring women and LGBTQ+ individuals in prominent roles, thereby shifting gender and heteronormative dynamics. However, it remains predominantly male-dominated,
hindering change and reinforcing existing power dynamics. While cross-dressing challenges societal norms, it can also inadvertently reinforce male supremacy, and LGBTQ+ individuals often encounter resistance to their participation. Despite these challenges, the carnival's temporary, spatial, and purposeful nature provides a platform for social change, offering visibility to marginalised groups and facilitating dialogue on diversity and inclusion.
Originality: This study provides rich insight into the ways in which carnival can be a mechanism for both reinforcing and challenging social norms in Latin America.