SPARK and SAD: Leading-edge deep learning frameworks for robust and effective intrusion detection in SCADA systems

Considering SCADA systems operate and manage critical infrastructure and industrial processes, the need for robust intrusion detection systems-IDSs cannot be overemphasized. The complexity of these systems, added to their increased exposure to more sophisticated cyber-attacks, creates significant challenges for continuous, secure operations. Traditional approaches to intrusion detection usually fail to cope, scale, or be as accurate as is necessary when dealing with the modern, multi-faceted problem of an attack vector against SCADA networks and IIoT environments. Past works have generally proposed the use of different machine learning and deep learning anomaly detection strategies to find possible intrusions. While these methods have, in fact, been promising, their effects are not without their own set of problems, including high false positives, poor generalization to new types of attacks, and performance inefficiencies in large-scale data environments. In this work, against this background, two novel IDS models are put forward: SPARK (Scalable Predictive Anomaly Response Kernel) and SAD (Scented Alpine Descent), to further improve the security landscape in SCADA systems. SPARK enables an ensemble-based deep learning framework combining strategic feature extraction with adaptive learning mechanisms for volume data processing at high accuracy and efficiency. This architecture has stringent anomaly detection through a multi-layered deep network adapting to ever-evolving contexts in operational environments, allowing for low latency and high precision in the detections. The SAD model works in concert with SPARK by adopting a synergistic approach that embeds deep learning into anomaly scoring algorithms, enabled to detect subtle attack patterns and further reduce false-positive rates.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2025.100759